What is the sound of one hand clapping?
You’ve likely heard this enigmatic riddle before, but probably aren’t as familiar with the man behind the words. The Japanese Zen master Hakuin Ekaku, who is credited with that famous koan, is a man whose teachings, art, and influence resonate deeply, even today.
Hakuin’s life, legends, and profound teachings offer invaluable insights into the essence of Zen practice and the pursuit of awakening.
Hakuin Ekaku’s early life
Hakuin Ekaku, born in 1686 in Hara, Japan, is a pivotal figure in the Rinzai school of Zen Buddhism, renowned for his revival of the tradition during the Edo period in Japan. He initially pursued a life of secular studies before experiencing a profound spiritual awakening in his twenties. He subsequently embarked on a quest to further pursue Dharma, studying under various Zen masters and delving deep into the teachings of the Zen tradition. During this time he was known to travel from place to place, seeking new temples and teachers to learn from.
Hakuin’s contributions to Zen Buddhism are manifold, but perhaps his most enduring legacy is that of a teacher and reformer. He revitalized koan practice, emphasizing the use of rigorous questioning and introspection to penetrate the depths of self realization. Hakuin’s teachings emphasized the importance of the direct experience of awakening, inspiring countless practitioners to embark on the path of Zen.
In 1716, Hakuin returned to the Shōin-Ji Temple in his home village of Hara, where he remained until his death in 1769.
The teachings of Hakuin Ekaku
Hakuin’s teachings encompassed a wide range of subjects, from meditation and mindfulness to ethics and moral conduct. He emphasized the importance of zazen (sitting meditation) as a means of cultivating mindfulness and insight, encouraging practitioners to delve deep into the nature of their own minds.
The life of Hakuin Ekaku is shrouded in legend, with stories that illustrate his uncompromising dedication to the Dharma. The story of the “one hand” koan, derives from an anecdote in which a young monk approaches Hakuin seeking enlightenment. Hakuin asks the monk, “What is the sound of one hand clapping?” This koan becomes the catalyst for the monk’s realization, symbolizing the transformative power of Zen inquiry under Hakuin’s guidance.
Brushstrokes of Zen
In addition to his teachings, Hakuin Ekaku also left an indelible mark on the world of art and calligraphy. His brushwork, characterized by bold strokes and dynamic compositions, transcended mere aesthetics to convey profound spiritual insights. Through his artwork, Hakuin sought to capture the essence of Zen teachings. He would often depict scenes of the human experience with striking simplicity, depth, and even humor. His calligraphy, in particular, exemplifies the union of form and meaning, each brushstroke imbued with intention and vitality. Hakuin’s mastery of the brush was not just a skill but a spiritual practice, a means of expressing the ineffable and guiding others on the path to awakening.
Perhaps most well known among the illustrations of Hakuin is his painting of Bodhidharma, the legendary figure who brought Buddhism from India to China, and is credited as the patron of the Zen school. The portrayal captures Bodhidharma’s typically fierce scowl.
Influence today
Despite living over two centuries ago, Hakuin’s teachings remain as relevant and potent today as they were during his lifetime. His emphasis on direct experience, rigorous practice, and compassionate action continues to inspire Zen practitioners around the world. Hakuin’s timeless wisdom offers a beacon of hope and guidance for those seeking solace and insight amidst the confusion of modern life.
His teachings on the transformative power of mindfulness and introspection have found resonance beyond the confines of traditional Zen practice. They have influenced diverse fields such as psychology, mindfulness-based therapy, and contemplative studies. His emphasis on the integration of spiritual practice with everyday life underscores the applicability of Zen principles in navigating the challenges of the world.
Read more from Still Sitting on the legendary figure Bodhidharma.